Welcome to SCAD Independent, Non-Profit Organization for Research Professional and Publishing

Welcome to SCAD Independent

SCAD Independent is an independent, non-partisan, and non-profit research and social organization committed to advancing knowledge, strengthening research capacity, and expanding intellectual contributions to global societal development. Established in 2010 and legally formalized through Notarial Deed No. 01 dated October 29, 2012, SCAD Independent was founded on the conviction that society requires academic and social spaces that are free, inclusive, and responsibly engaged with the complexities of contemporary global challenges. From its inception, SCAD Independent has positioned itself as a hub for research, scholarly publication, and social engagement grounded in intellectual independence and academic integrity. SCAD views knowledge not merely as an academic pursuit, but as a transformative social force capable of strengthening democratic values, enhancing public awareness, and addressing social, cultural, economic, political, and humanitarian issues at national and international levels.

As a research organization, SCAD Independent initiates and facilitates interdisciplinary research projects, academic publications, scholarly dialogues, and international forums that promote critical inquiry and collaborative knowledge production. The institution actively collaborates with Islamic Higher Education Institutions (PTKI), public universities (PTU), research centers, and scholars across countries, fostering an open and globally connected academic network. Alongside its academic mission, SCAD Independent also functions as a social institution that places research at the heart of community empowerment. Through research-based initiatives, knowledge advocacy, and evidence-informed social programs, SCAD bridges academic inquiry with real-world societal needs, ensuring that research outcomes contribute to awareness, capacity building, and social well-being. In 2014, SCAD Independent was accredited by the International Accreditation Organization (IAO) in recognition of its commitment to quality assurance, credibility, and professional standards in research and scholarly publishing. This accreditation reinforces SCAD’s dedication to ethical research practices and social responsibility. Today, SCAD Independent has evolved into a sustainable ecosystem of research, publication, and social engagement. It places strong emphasis on mentoring early-career researchers and young intellectuals through academic training, research guidance, and the cultivation of ethical scholarship, reflecting its belief that the future of knowledge depends on independent thinking and responsible action.

More than an organization, SCAD Independent represents a movement of scholarly and social consciousness—dedicated to producing emancipatory, meaningful, and human-centered knowledge. Guided by the values of integrity, openness, collaboration, and social responsibility, SCAD Independent serves as a bridge connecting academia, society, and the global community. Aligned with its motto, “Advancing Knowledge, Empowering Humanity”, SCAD Independent believes that knowledge is both an instrument of intellectual advancement and a catalyst for social transformation toward a more just and conscientious world..

INTEGRATE SOCIAL JUSTICE INTO THE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM IN LEARNING

Micayla Abtahi; Catherine Battell
University of Ottawa, Laurier Ave E, Ottawa, Canada

Abstract

Although concerns for equity have become ever more central within mathematics education, there is still little consensus on how the term should be defined or how to effectively work towards equity in classroom learning. Equity initiatives that rely solely on arguments about achievement gaps can be dangerous, as they can perpetuate deficit notions of marginalized students and position dominant groups as the norm to which others should aspire. The project is analyzed using Marilyn Cochran-Smith’s six principles of pedagogy for teaching for social justice. In the study group, teachers were involved in designing research projects to honour their students’ cultural and community knowledge and to develop mathematics teaching with a social justice focus. We offer three examples of teaching mathematics for social justice in diverse classrooms, and consider the broader implications of inquiry projects such as these. While we and the teachers came together as a group because of a shared interest in using a social justice approach to mathematics teaching. We found that the study group process ended up emphasizing some aspects of teaching for social justice – in particular, bringing social justice issues explicitly into the curriculum, building on student interests and experiences, and working with families and community.

Keywords: Equity, Social Justice, Classroom Learning, Teachers

LAW PART OF THE FRAMEWORK FOR ACCOUNTABILITY IN POLICY INTERPRETATION AND PRACTICE

Vanessa Abbasi; Karolina Marzieh
University of Nottingham, United Kingdom

Abstract

Law can increasingly be seen as part of the framework for accountability in policy interpretation and practice. This is reflected in important judgments in the UK and European context, where courts have been proactive in challenging restrictive interpretations by agencies of their legal duties, or even by parliament in law-making that is incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Without attention to the practice environment for legal and ethical practice, the role of law in welfare reform will be compromised, however robust the legal framework. Subsequently, empirical work has explored how social workers learn about the law, in both practice and academic environments, and how they use that learning. This paper considers the complex relationships between law, welfare policy and social work practice, to address the question of what role legal frameworks might play in achieving welfare policy and professional practice goals. These debates illustrate is the essentially contested nature of the relationship between law and practice and the delicate balance between law and ethics within a framework for professional accountability. It is hardly surprising, perhaps, that law is often seen by practitioners as alien and hostile territory.

Keywords: Law, Accountability, Transformational, Practice, Legal Frameworks

THE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY IMPLEMENTATION OF JUDICIAL REVIEW BY THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

Haposan Siallagan
Faculty of Law, University of HKBP Nommensen

Abstract

All typical products regulated the state could be reviewed and tested through legal actions (legal remedies) facilitated by the constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This mechanism has known as a review action. In addition, the review on the legislation, related to authorization or the right to review it (toetsingsrecht or the right to review) could be consisted of judges and executives and also the legislatives. The authority of judicial review by the constitutional court is a judicial authority of the constitution. The authorization was a result of the third amendment to the Indonesian constitution of 1945. Regarding the developments of the implementation of the judicial authority by the constitutional court, there were increasing trend of judicial reviews year to year. Thus it indicates the number of regulations have problematic issue in term of of quality. Therefore, it is very urgent to critically evaluate the quality of the formulation of laws in order to avoid the cancellation of the law itself through a judicial authority possessed through the constitutional court.

Keywords: Constitutional Court, Judicial Review, Regulations

THE RITUAL CALENDAR OF SOUTH ACEH, INDONESIA

Abdul Manan
Adab and Humanities Faculty of the State Islamic University of Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Abstract

This research explores the relations between the so-called normative Islam-as laid down in the canonical texts of the Qur’ān and hadīth-and the ways in which these normative ideas, perceptions and values are expressed in rituals in the society concerned. It pays particular attention to the ways in which the latter forms of ritual expression entail a culturally specific adaptation and valorization of the trans-cultural representations laid down in these Islamic text corpora and to the ways in which-according to local understanding and exegesis-these ritual actions generate a reproduction of the social relationships and their moral foundation in the society concerned. In-depth discussions had been conducted with the participants about the symbols, meanings and values, which they attach to these actions as to their effectiveness in achieving particular social, religious, political and moral aims besides a systematic survey of relevant published sources has complemented this field research. The meticulous examination of the village ritual calendar shows that three different perspectives on this social and moral order prevail: a traditional adat perspective, the historical Islamic perspective, and the modernist Islamic perspective. This attributes to Aneuk Jamee a complex dynamic socio-religious identity within the field of Indonesian cultures.

Keywords: Ritual, Aneuk Jamee, Ritual Calendar of South Aceh

PARENTS’ ROLES IN PREVENTING DRUG ABUSES AMONG TEENAGERS (A CASE STUDY IN BANDA ACEH)

Chairan M. Nur
Tarbiyah Faculty and Teacher Training, State Islamic University of Ar-Raniry

Abstract

Drug abuse has became a serious problem and related to many aspects of human beings physically, psychologically, socially, etc. It is also leaded to early death, physical disability, social lost, economic impact, etc. Therefore, it is highly recommended appropriated approaches in preventing drug abuse. One basic purpose of this research was to find out the parents’ roles in preventing drug abuse among teenagers. That parent is obligated to educate their children as a main responsibility to God by having the children. Children are educated regularly in any occasions and conditions. The research applied the qualitative approach where the data collection was interview. The research location was in Banda Aceh. In addition, the samples of the study were unemployed and employed parents. The results of the research describes the efforts of parents in preventing their children from abusing drug, parents’ role as supervisors, indeed, parents should know their children friends, solving family problems, collaborating with educational institutions (schools or universities), collaborating with home environment, morever, it could be understood that to stop drug abuse need all parties involvement. Ideally, it should be started from the family. It is believed family is the first “school” for children. The role of parents however is very important in preventing drug abuse as a role model, a guider, a supervisor, in addition, parents need to know their children friends, to solve family problems, to collaborate with educational institutions (schools or universities),and to collaborate with environment nearby the home.

Keywords: Parents Role, Drug Prevention, Children

CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUALS AND WORKPLACE CONDITIONS WITH JOB SATISFACTION LECTURER HEALTH POLYTECHNIC OF ACEH

Teuku Salfiyadi
Health Polytechnic of Aceh, Indonesia

Abstract

As an organization that produces health services, one of the factors that determine the quality of product is personnel who worked with dedication and professionalism. This is achieved when the manager is able to give a satisfaction to all employees on the job. This study aimed to investigate the relationship individual and workplace characteristics with job satisfaction of employee. The populations of study were 32 employees of Environmental Health Department of Health Polytechnic of Aceh. Individual and workplace characteristic and job satisfaction were collecting by structural questionnaires. The product moment correlation was conducted to analysis of the data. The study showed individual and workplace characteristics were strongly correlation on job satisfaction (p=0.000 and r = 0.805) or 80.5% the independent variables are able to explain the dependent variable of job satisfaction is r-square = 0.647, or by 64.7%.

Keywords: Individual Characteristic, Workplace Condition, and Job Satisfaction

IMPLEMENTING THE TEACHING SUPERVISION BY PRINCIPALS IN IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF TEACHERS IN ACEH BESAR

Said Ashlan
Education Management Department, State University of Medan

Abstract

Teaching supervision by principal in Aceh Besar State High Schools (especially in Excellent Senior High School 2 of Ali Hasjmy and Senior High School 1 Baitussalam) is one of factors to improve the quality of professional teacher performance. The purpose of this study was to identify the activities, techniques, implementations, supporting and inhibiting factors in teaching supervision by principals in improving teacher performance. The subjects of this research were principals, vice principals, and teachers. This study used qualitative approach and descriptive method. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors of teaching supervision were the principals had other activities outside the school and did not have adequate time for the supervision, principal’s demonstration technique was still conventional, there was lack of fund, and there were teachers who were not creative and some of them were susceptible to illness (age factor).

Keywords: Teaching Supervision, Teacher Performance, Senior High School

DIFFERENCE CULTURAL STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR STUDENTS IN LEARNING PROCESS

Claudia Pamela; Luciana Villalobos; Nadine Peralta
Universidad de Lima, Santiago de Surco Lima, Peru

Abstract

This paper summarizes some observations and reflections on how cultural differences bedeviled my interactions with my students in Universidad de Lima, Peru. Culture is not an abstract force that floats around in space and settles upon us—though given the seemingly subliminal ways it influences us, it can feel like a disembodied, ubiquitous entity. In fact, culture is mediated through a social structure. In general, culture refers to the ways in which different groups of people organize their daily lives within national or ethnic groups, urban neighborhoods, companies and professions, and other settings. Culture includes what people actually do and what they believe. Culture influences greatly how we see the world, how we try to understand it and how we communicate with each other. Therefore, culture determines, to a great extent, learning and teaching styles. When we compare cultures we should not look for differences that make us better or worse than each other. No culture is better than another and no communication style is intrinsically wrong. My teaching and communication styles are deeply rooted in the way I have been socialized and a year of teaching at college reminded me that my students' communication and learning styles were different from mine. Perhaps the most important lesson I learned is that I must adapt to this new environment and change the way I communicate if I wish to be an effective teacher.

Keywords: Culture Influences, Classroom, Teacher, Learning Process, College

DEVELOPING AN ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT CURRICULUM

Habiburrahim
UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Abstract

Curriculum is the heart of teaching and learning program. Through a curriculum, teachers formulate the designated learning objectives and their outcomes and transform all those formulated goals to students. This paper has an attempt to elaborate significant information and models on curriculum that could be developed at the English Education Department (PBI – Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris) of Ar-Raniry State Islamic University (UIN Ar-Raniry) Darussalam, Banda Aceh as an Islamic higher education institution. The paper reviews various literatures on language learning curriculum, teaching English as a foreign language curriculum, and professional learning curriculum. The paper also analyses the 2016/2017 UIN Ar-Raniry manual/handbook, and the 2015 annual report of the PBI department curriculum monitoring and evaluation (Monev). The findings elucidate that the PBI department curriculum has met a standardized curriculum quality. Yet, some weaknesses that could decelerate the language acquisition process are still found in such the PBI department curriculum.

Keywords: Curriculum, Curriculum Design and Development, Islamic Higher Education

Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun (JIP) is a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journal with a very wide-ranging coverage, consolidates fundamental and applied research activities, with the issue of Social Sciences, Natural Science, Education, Politics, Law, Religion, Culture and Public Policies. This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. JIP as an Open Access journal is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC-ND) and Department of Labor United States of America, Copyright completely under SCAD Independent.

Editor in Chief: Ramzi Murziqin, Indonesia | Guest Editor: Harrison I. Atagana, South Africa | Publisher: SCAD Independent

VOCATIONAL SCHOOL-INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIP IN IMPROVING GRADUATE COMPETENCY
Murniati AR, Nasir Usman, and Azizah
Paper ID: 745-1475395986
JIP. Ed. 4(3), 2016: 269-280.

Abstract
A wide variety of educational reform on vocational education in accordance with the policy of link and match requires the schools to do the partnership to encourage the improvement of graduate competency and the demands of the relevance of education to the job needs. The purpose of this research is to illustrate and analyze the partnership strategy of vocational schools with the business world in its efforts to improve the graduate competency. This research has been held at SMK 3 Banda Aceh using qualitative descriptive approach. The instrument in this research is a researcher itself. This is because in qualitative approach, the researchers are essential instruments. As key instruments, researchers have to create their own set of the guidelines, observation, interview and documentary of appraisal guidelines that is used as a general guide in the process of recording. The results of the study show that the strategies adopted by SMK in forge cooperation with the world of business and industry are through the establishment of the cooperation program, working mechanism and analysis of factors that affect the holding of cooperation between the two parties.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30860.92800

INFORMAL EDUCATION AS A PROJECTED IMPROVEMENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL SKILLS OF EMPLOYEES OF ORGANIZATIONS
Warul Walidin
Paper ID: 745-1475396090
JIP. Ed. 4(3), 2016: 281-294.

Abstract
Technologies of vocational training play an important role in the concept of informal education and they can be implemented as in higher education, and organizational learning. In the modern understanding of education the two sides are emphasized - the communion of each person to the society and the development of individual personality features. If formal education is moving towards these goals systematically and purposefully at certain training sessions, the place and time of informal education is in no way limited. Informal education can be characterized not only by independent, human progress in cultural development, but also directed and projected improvement of professional and personal skills of employees of organizations. The purpose of this papers to examine informal education not only as an independent, but also as a guide and the projected improvement of the professional and personal skills of employees of organizations. The leading approaches to the study of this problem are social-pedagogical and managerial approaches to substantiate the essence of the process and the role of leaders of organizations trained in the management of such education.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34216.37127

CHALLENGE LEARNING FOR TEACHERS IN RURAL GWERU ZIMBABWE
Gladwin Bhebhe & Matiya Mugurani
Paper ID: 745-1475396394
JIP. Ed. 4(3), 2016: 295-308.

Abstract
The study established that rural day secondary school science teachers face a number of challenges, including inadequate teaching and learning materials, students’ negative attitudes towards science, conflicts between students’ home background and school science, and absence of science teachers’ associations. These challenges could have a direct impact on the teaching and learning of science in rural day secondary schools. The opening of rural day secondary schools in Zimbabwe was a great challenge in terms of providing science education to all students because the newly opened secondary schools did not have conventional laboratories and equipment that would facilitate the teaching and learning of science. This study sought to find out the challenges faced by rural day secondary school science teachers in Gweru district of Zimbabwe and propose a way forward. Questionnaires, interviews and observations were used to collect data pertaining to the challenges that were faced by the teachers.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.12405.99042

TEACHER COMPETENCE TEST OF ISLAMIC PRIMARY TEACHERS EDUCATION IN STATE ISLAMIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS (MIN) OF PIDIE REGENCY
Nufiar and Saifullah
Paper ID: 745-1475396691
JIP. Ed. 4(3), 2016: 309-320.

Abstract
This study aims at examining the readiness of the Diploma-II holders of Primary Teachers Education of STIT AL-Hilal Sigli in drawing up the Lesson Plan and implementing the teaching and learning interactions in the classroom. In particular, the study attempts to figure out whether the teaching and learning interaction meet the methods listed in the Lesson Plan (RPP) and the assessment system of learner’s performance in Islamic Primary schools throughout Pidie regency. The sample of this study is nineteen Islamic Primary schools throughout Pidie regency. While to collect data from the research field, the researchers used observation, interviews, and documents. The result indicates that: (1) in general, the teachers have good and considerate preparation in drawing up the Lesson Plan within a sufficient time instead having an extemporaneous teaching. They commonly conducted the Lesson Plan preparation through the discussion with other fellow teachers which avoids them from having a significant obstacle. The only considerable stumbling blocks are the learning source, learning media, and psychological factors. All the written Lesson Plans will be accounted to the principal, superintendent, and the education department. Otherwise, the teachers will be penalized for not making one. (2) The method specified in the Lesson Plan does not correspond to the methods used in teaching and learning in general. (3) The respondents generally do not apply taxonomic Bloom in the grading system in schools where they are in charge.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19116.87689

IMPLEMENTATION THE PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE (PCK) OF PHYSIC TEACHER BASED-ON STUDENTS LEARNING OUTCOMES AT SMAN 4 BANDA ACEH, INDONESIA
Saminan and Roza Zulfira
Paper ID: 745-1475397003
JIP. Ed. 4(3), 2016: 321-332.

Abstract
One of the factors of low student learning outcomes on physic learning coursed lack of ability teachers in effecting the pedagogic practice and knowing subject matter in the learning environment. Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) is the blending of pedagogical knowledge and content knowledge which must have by teachers in realizing learning objectives. This research aims to showed the implementation pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of physic teacher based on students learning outcomes on measurement and magnitude material at class of X IA4 SMAN 4 Banda Aceh. Outcomes of this research are: the average value of students learning outcomes is 80 with description the PCK of physic teacher are 95% teacher have understood students of characteristics in learning process, 67% teacher success in planning of learning, 70% teacher success in implementing learning activities, 67% teacher success in evaluating learning outcomes, 75% teacher has been able developing the potentials of the students, and 75% teacher has mastered the science of substances.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15761.43360

COMPARATIVE EDUCATION IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS AND PROBLEMS IN LIKENESSES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REGIONS OF THE WORLD
Monica Steinbach and Shahrzad Afroozeh
Paper ID: 745-1475397129
JIP. Ed. 4(3), 2016: 333-346.

Abstract
This paper is to consider the term “comparative” in its more restricted sense, in the way the term is used in various comparative fields of study. It is somewhat curious that scholars in our field of comparative education have never attempted to sort out the various meanings of the term “comparative.” I do not plan to draw a firm distinction between the two spheres, though it might be helpful to suggest that “comparative education” is generally regarded as the more academic or scientific aspect of the field, while international education is related to “cooperation, understanding, and exchange” elements of the field. I feel we must reject the hegemonic claims of science. We recall, for example, that Comte believed society traversed through various stages, from religion, to philosophy, then to science. His mistake, from my vantage point, was to place these ways of knowing in a hierarchical framework, which makes philosophy a second-rate means of knowing, and religion a third-rate means of knowing. My own orientation is to place them parallel with each other. There is a place for the spiritual, a place for the philosophical, and a place for the scientific, and any attempt to place one exclusively over the other is inappropriate.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22472.32004

THE FACTORS THAT EFFECT ON INTERNAL AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE IN THE ACEH BANKING SECTOR
Dwi Meilvi Nasvita
Paper ID: 745-1475397350
JIP. Ed. 4(3), 2016: 357-368.

Abstract
This study aimed to examine the factors that effect on internal auditor independence of the internal auditor, namely the competence of internal auditors, management intervention, employee participation and regulation of the company. The sample of this research is internal auditing staff at banks of Aceh. Data were collected through the distribution of questionnaires to respondents using multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that all factors have influences on the independence of internal auditor, simultaneously or partially. While auditor competence, employee participation, and company regulation have positive influence, management intervention has a negative influence on the independence of the internal auditors.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11567.12968

SOCIAL IMPACT OF MANGROVE LAND CONVERSION IN DIMENSIONS AS RURAL SUSTAINABILITY
A Hadian Pratama, Budi Gunawan, and Budi Cahya
Paper ID: 745-1475397652
JIP. Ed. 4(3), 2016: 357-368.

Abstract
Mangrove ecosystem is an important part of the coastal environment. One of the problems in almost all coastal areas in Indonesia is the degradation of mangrove area. In the coastal areas of Langkat Regency, precisely in the Tapak Kuda Village is also facing the same thing. In the last 15 years, mangrove area has reduced quite high. One of them is caused by the conversion of mangrove land into ponds. The existence of mangrove ecosystems is related to socio-economic life of society that causes the decline of mangrove area and the changing environmental conditions of social life. The results showed that the conversion of mangrove land brought the social impact on residents’ lives. Changes in the types of jobs are fishermen decreased 24%, the percentage of farmers rose 19% and fish farmers also rose 10%. Income-related conditions, 24% of people feel steady and have sufficient income to meet the families’ needs, 43% of people feel sometimes high income is not enough to meet families’ needs and 33% of people feel low income that make the families’ needs are not fulfilled. The condition of public education level has increased, the percentage of people completing primary school rose 7%, junior high was up 21%, and high school 16%. Regarding the use of natural resources, there were only 35% of the natural resources that could be managed by the community. Community land use patterns are 10% of ponds, 30% of fields, 20% of fishing areas and 40% of conservation areas.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31699.78887

FEDERALISM CRITICAL ARGUMENTS AS THE TRANSFIGURATIONS OF NIGERIAN FEDERALISM
Hilary Achinike and Stephens Ogbonna
Paper ID: 745-1475397757
JIP. Ed. 4(3), 2016: 369-382.

Abstract
The debate concerning Nigeria’s political life has, in recent years, pervaded several fora as Nigeria’s political life remains under the shadow of an enigma. The basic tenets of federalism touched by a global wind of democracy, quite forceful in some regions of the world, are said to be a field and sweeping across all continents. But in contemporary Nigeria, as in Africa generally, authoritarianism reigns. Federalism critical arguments hold, in spite of its many global ‘bastard’ incarnates which in Nigeria shows as weak, emaciated and a pitiable thing. This paper argues that the body politic of Nigeria is congenially unreceptive to the reproductive seeds of a largely potent federalism. It is this ‘unreceptive environment’ that this paper has characterized as the transfigurations of Nigerian federalism.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28344.34567

MULTICULTURALISM AS AN ALTERNATIVE A CULTURAL ORIENTATION TO EDUCATION IN THE ASPECT OF CULTURE AS THE AXIOLOGICAL FOCUS
Rinat Suzanne and Liana Nathalie
Paper ID: 745-1475397868
JIP. Ed. 4(3), 2016: 383-394.

Abstract
Multiculturalism occurs naturally when a society is willing to accept the culture of immigrants. Multiculturalism has been defined as a method whereby culturally diverse groups are accorded status and recognition, not just at the individual level, but in the institutional structures of the society. Multiculturalists’ perspectives have had a deep influence in the social sciences, and particularly in the field of education. Although it aims to improve society, multiculturalism has been criticized for adopting an essentialist approach to culture, because the calling for the appreciation and recognition of cultural variety. To achieve a situation in which culture has no exclusive value requires reevaluation of the concepts of culture and identity as accepted in the West over the past few centuries, examining epistemological and ontological conceptions and how they shape political and social organizations reflected in the nation-state. Just as culture is soft, permeable and dynamic, so too is the cultural self and its identity. If multiculturalism seeks a solution to distinctions that engender problems in a modern world in which many cultures are situated in one social space, we maintain that such distinctions are problematic and even erroneous. Modernity did not give rise to a multiplicity of cultures but rather to extensive cultural and social variation.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35055.23201

MULTICULTURALISM AS AN ALTERNATIVE A CULTURAL ORIENTATION TO EDUCATION IN THE ASPECT OF CULTURE AS THE AXIOLOGICAL FOCUS

Rinat Suzanne; Liana Nathalie
1-School of Education, Hebrew University; and 2-School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University

Abstract

Multiculturalism occurs naturally when a society is willing to accept the culture of immigrants. Multiculturalism has been defined as a method whereby culturally diverse groups are accorded status and recognition, not just at the individual level, but in the institutional structures of the society. Multiculturalists’ perspectives have had a deep influence in the social sciences, and particularly in the field of education. Although it aims to improve society, multiculturalism has been criticized for adopting an essentialist approach to culture, because the calling for the appreciation and recognition of cultural variety. To achieve a situation in which culture has no exclusive value requires reevaluation of the concepts of culture and identity as accepted in the West over the past few centuries, examining epistemological and ontological conceptions and how they shape political and social organizations reflected in the nation-state. Just as culture is soft, permeable and dynamic, so too is the cultural self and its identity. If multiculturalism seeks a solution to distinctions that engender problems in a modern world in which many cultures are situated in one social space, we maintain that such distinctions are problematic and even erroneous. Modernity did not give rise to a multiplicity of cultures but rather to extensive cultural and social variation.

Keywords: Multiculturalism, Cultural, Orientation, Education

FEDERALISM CRITICAL ARGUMENTS AS THE TRANSFIGURATIONS OF NIGERIAN FEDERALISM

Hilary Achinike; Stephens Ogbonna
Department of Political Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

Abstract

The debate concerning Nigeria’s political life has, in recent years, pervaded several fora as Nigeria’s political life remains under the shadow of an enigma. The basic tenets of federalism touched by a global wind of democracy, quite forceful in some regions of the world, are said to be a field and sweeping across all continents. But in contemporary Nigeria, as in Africa generally, authoritarianism reigns. Federalism critical arguments hold, in spite of its many global ‘bastard’ incarnates which in Nigeria shows as weak, emaciated and a pitiable thing. This paper argues that the body politic of Nigeria is congenially unreceptive to the reproductive seeds of a largely potent federalism. It is this ‘unreceptive environment’ that this paper has characterized as the transfigurations of Nigerian federalism.

Keywords: Nigeria, Federalism, Transfigurations, Politics, Critical

SOCIAL IMPACT OF MANGROVE LAND CONVERSION IN DIMENSIONS AS RURAL SUSTAINABILITY

A Hadian Pratama; Budi Gunawan; Budi Cahya
1-Politeknik Piksi Ganesha Bandung and 2-3-Program Study of Magister Environmental Science, Padjadjaran University, Bandung

Abstract

Mangrove ecosystem is an important part of the coastal environment. One of the problems in almost all coastal areas in Indonesia is the degradation of mangrove area. In the coastal areas of Langkat Regency, precisely in the Tapak Kuda Village is also facing the same thing. In the last 15 years, mangrove area has reduced quite high. One of them is caused by the conversion of mangrove land into ponds. The existence of mangrove ecosystems is related to socio-economic life of society that causes the decline of mangrove area and the changing environmental conditions of social life. The results showed that the conversion of mangrove land brought the social impact on residents’ lives. Changes in the types of jobs are fishermen decreased 24%, the percentage of farmers rose 19% and fish farmers also rose 10%. Income-related conditions, 24% of people feel steady and have sufficient income to meet the families’ needs, 43% of people feel sometimes high income is not enough to meet families’ needs and 33% of people feel low income that make the families’ needs are not fulfilled. The condition of public education level has increased, the percentage of people completing primary school rose 7%, junior high was up 21%, and high school 16%. Regarding the use of natural resources, there were only 35% of the natural resources that could be managed by the community. Community land use patterns are 10% of ponds, 30% of fields, 20% of fishing areas and 40% of conservation areas.

Keywords: Mangrove, Land Conversion, Social Life Changes

THE FACTORS THAT EFFECT ON INTERNAL AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE IN THE ACEH BANKING SECTOR

Dwi Meilvi Nasvita
Masters of Accounting, Postgraduate Program, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the factors that effect on internal auditor independence of the internal auditor, namely the competence of internal auditors, management intervention, employee participation and regulation of the company. The sample of this research is internal auditing staff at banks of Aceh. Data were collected through the distribution of questionnaires to respondents using multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that all factors have influences on the independence of internal auditor, simultaneously or partially. While auditor competence, employee participation, and company regulation have positive influence, management intervention has a negative influence on the independence of the internal auditors.

Keywords: Internal Auditor Independence, Auditor Competence, Employee Participation, Company Regulation.

COMPARATIVE EDUCATION IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS AND PROBLEMS IN LIKENESSES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REGIONS OF THE WORLD

Monica Steinbach; Shahrzad Afroozeh
1-Education University of Vienna, Austria and 2-Department of Philosophy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Abstract

This paper is to consider the term “comparative” in its more restricted sense, in the way the term is used in various comparative fields of study. It is somewhat curious that scholars in our field of comparative education have never attempted to sort out the various meanings of the term “comparative.” I do not plan to draw a firm distinction between the two spheres, though it might be helpful to suggest that “comparative education” is generally regarded as the more academic or scientific aspect of the field, while international education is related to “cooperation, understanding, and exchange” elements of the field. I feel we must reject the hegemonic claims of science. We recall, for example, that Comte believed society traversed through various stages, from religion, to philosophy, then to science. His mistake, from my vantage point, was to place these ways of knowing in a hierarchical framework, which makes philosophy a second-rate means of knowing, and religion a third-rate means of knowing. My own orientation is to place them parallel with each other. There is a place for the spiritual, a place for the philosophical, and a place for the scientific, and any attempt to place one exclusively over the other is inappropriate.

Keywords: Comparative, Education, Regions, Words, Problems in Likenesses

IMPLEMENTATION THE PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE (PCK) OF PHYSIC TEACHER BASED-ON STUDENTS LEARNING OUTCOMES AT SMAN 4 BANDA ACEH

Saminan; Roza Zulfira
Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Abstract

One of the factors of low student learning outcomes on physic learning coursed lack of ability teachers in effecting the pedagogic practice and knowing subject matter in the learning environment. Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) is the blending of pedagogical knowledge and content knowledge which must have by teachers in realizing learning objectives. This research aims to showed the implementation pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of physic teacher based on students learning outcomes on measurement and magnitude material at class of X IA4 SMAN 4 Banda Aceh. Outcomes of this research are: the average value of students learning outcomes is 80 with description the PCK of physic teacher are 95% teacher have understood students of characteristics in learning process, 67% teacher success in planning of learning, 70% teacher success in implementing learning activities, 67% teacher success in evaluating learning outcomes, 75% teacher has been able developing the potentials of the students, and 75% teacher has mastered the science of substances.

Keywords: Pedagogical content knowledge, Physic Teacher, Students Learning Outcomes

TEACHER COMPETENCE TEST OF ISLAMIC PRIMARY TEACHERS EDUCATION IN STATE ISLAMIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS (MIN) OF PIDIE REGENCY

Nufiar; Saifullah
1-STAI Al-Hilal, Sigli, Indonesia;
2-Tarbiyah Faculty and Teacher Training, UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Abstract

This study aims at examining the readiness of the Diploma-II holders of Primary Teachers Education of STIT AL-Hilal Sigli in drawing up the Lesson Plan and implementing the teaching and learning interactions in the classroom. In particular, the study attempts to figure out whether the teaching and learning interaction meet the methods listed in the Lesson Plan (RPP) and the assessment system of learner’s performance in Islamic Primary schools throughout Pidie regency. The sample of this study is nineteen Islamic Primary schools throughout Pidie regency. While to collect data from the research field, the researchers used observation, interviews, and documents. The result indicates that: (1) in general, the teachers have good and considerate preparation in drawing up the Lesson Plan within a sufficient time instead having an extemporaneous teaching. They commonly conducted the Lesson Plan preparation through the discussion with other fellow teachers which avoids them from having a significant obstacle. The only considerable stumbling blocks are the learning source, learning media, and psychological factors. All the written Lesson Plans will be accounted to the principal, superintendent, and the education department. Otherwise, the teachers will be penalized for not making one. (2) The method specified in the Lesson Plan does not correspond to the methods used in teaching and learning in general. (3) The respondents generally do not apply taxonomic Bloom in the grading system in schools where they are in charge.

Keywords: Teacher Competence Test, Islamic Primary Teacher, Pidie

CHALLENGE LEARNING FOR TEACHERS IN RURAL GWERU ZIMBABWE

Gladwin Bhebhe; Matiya Mugurani
Department of Educational Foundations, Management and Curriculum Studies, Midlands State University Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe

Abstract

The study established that rural day secondary school science teachers face a number of challenges, including inadequate teaching and learning materials, students’ negative attitudes towards science, conflicts between students’ home background and school science, and absence of science teachers’ associations. These challenges could have a direct impact on the teaching and learning of science in rural day secondary schools. The opening of rural day secondary schools in Zimbabwe was a great challenge in terms of providing science education to all students because the newly opened secondary schools did not have conventional laboratories and equipment that would facilitate the teaching and learning of science. This study sought to find out the challenges faced by rural day secondary school science teachers in Gweru district of Zimbabwe and propose a way forward. Questionnaires, interviews and observations were used to collect data pertaining to the challenges that were faced by the teachers.

Keywords: Challenges, Teachers, Rural Schools, Gweru Zimbabwe

INFORMAL EDUCATION AS A PROJECTED IMPROVEMENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL SKILLS OF EMPLOYEES OF ORGANIZATIONS

Warul Walidin
State Islamic University of Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Abstract

Technologies of vocational training play an important role in the concept of informal education and they can be implemented as in higher education, and organizational learning. In the modern understanding of education the two sides are emphasized - the communion of each person to the society and the development of individual personality features. If formal education is moving towards these goals systematically and purposefully at certain training sessions, the place and time of informal education is in no way limited. Informal education can be characterized not only by independent, human progress in cultural development, but also directed and projected improvement of professional and personal skills of employees of organizations. The purpose of this papers to examine informal education not only as an independent, but also as a guide and the projected improvement of the professional and personal skills of employees of organizations. The leading approaches to the study of this problem are social-pedagogical and managerial approaches to substantiate the essence of the process and the role of leaders of organizations trained in the management of such education.

Keywords: Informal Education, Personal Skill, Employees Organizations, Cultur